Scientists Discover New Understanding of Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia

Introduction

Researchers at Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine have made a groundbreaking discovery that could enhance our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, both of which affect cognitive function.

The Role of Microglia

According to senior study author Dr. Steven Buck, microglia, a type of brain cell involved in the immune response, play a crucial role in these diseases. However, they have been largely overlooked in previous research on Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia.

Ferroptosis and Microglial Degeneration

The scientists found that a type of cell death known as ferroptosis, which occurs when iron accumulates in cells, leads to the destruction of microglia. This degeneration of microglia in the brain’s white matter is observed in patients with Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia, potentially exacerbating cognitive decline.

Research Findings

The research, published in the journal Annals of Neurology, analyzed post-mortem brain tissue from dementia patients. The team discovered that microglia degenerate in the white matter of the brains of these patients.

The Role of Microglia in Brain Health

Microglia are native brain cells responsible for clearing cellular waste as part of the immune system. They are particularly active in removing debris when myelin, the protective covering for brain nerve fibers, is damaged.

Ferroptosis and Microglial Destruction

However, the researchers found that microglia are destroyed during the shedding of iron-rich myelin, a process known as ferroptosis.

Implications for Cognitive Decline

Dr. Buck suggests that a cascade of events leading to microglial degradation may contribute to the progression of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Factors such as decreased blood flow and oxygen due to strokes or chronic diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes may also play a role.

Potential Therapeutic Approaches

The study offers hope for the development of better dementia treatments. Dr. Amaresh Devi, medical director of the Mercyhealth Memory Clinic, suggests that therapies aimed at restoring myelin could influence the treatment of Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Additionally, targeting microglial function with drugs may be a promising avenue for future therapeutic approaches.

The Future of Research

Dr. Buck expects pharmaceutical companies to use the research findings to create compounds that can reduce microglial degeneration in the brain.

Source: Medical Express